9+ Tips: What to Wear in NYC in December (Style Guide)


9+ Tips: What to Wear in NYC in December (Style Guide)

The central concern entails deciding on applicable clothes for New York Metropolis through the month of December. This encompasses contemplating components similar to temperature fluctuations, potential precipitation (rain or snow), and the mix of indoor and out of doors actions usually undertaken by residents and guests.

Correct apparel choice is essential for making certain consolation, well-being, and the flexibility to completely take part in deliberate actions. Traditionally, navigating the town’s various environments in December required a layered method to clothes, permitting adaptability to altering situations all through the day. This technique stays related.

Consequently, subsequent dialogue will give attention to particular garment suggestions, layering methods, footwear selections, and important equipment for traversing New York Metropolis successfully in December.

1. Thermal Underlayers

Thermal underlayers represent a important element of apparel choice for navigating New York Metropolis in December. Their operate is to supply a base degree of insulation, sustaining physique temperature in a chilly local weather. That is notably related given the town’s publicity to chilly winds and sub-freezing temperatures throughout this month.

  • Materials Composition

    The efficacy of thermal underlayers is closely depending on the fabric used of their development. Merino wool, identified for its moisture-wicking and insulating properties even when moist, is a typical selection. Artificial supplies, similar to polypropylene or polyester, supply related moisture administration and speedy drying capabilities. Cotton underlayers are typically discouraged as a result of their tendency to retain moisture, which may result in a chilling impact.

  • Layering Ideas

    Thermal underlayers are designed to be worn near the pores and skin, forming the inspiration of a layered clothes system. This proximity to the physique permits them to successfully lure warmth and wick away perspiration. The layering precept permits for the addition or elimination of outer layers as wanted to control physique temperature in response to altering situations, similar to transitioning between indoor and out of doors environments.

  • Sorts of Thermal Underlayers

    Thermal underlayers can be found in various weights, every suited to completely different ranges of chilly. Light-weight choices are appropriate for reasonably chilly situations, whereas midweight and heavyweight choices present higher insulation for colder temperatures. The choice ought to align with the anticipated climate situations and the person’s sensitivity to chilly.

  • Sensible Utility in NYC

    In New York Metropolis throughout December, thermal underlayers are notably helpful for people engaged in out of doors actions similar to sightseeing, attending out of doors markets, or just commuting. They supply an important barrier towards the chilly, making certain consolation and stopping hypothermia. The power to control physique temperature by means of layering is crucial when transitioning between heated indoor areas and the frigid out of doors setting.

The strategic utilization of thermal underlayers, contemplating materials composition, layering rules, weight choice, and sensible software, considerably enhances the general expertise of being in New York Metropolis in December. They characterize a basic component in creating a snug and protected wardrobe appropriate for the calls for of the local weather.

2. Insulated Outerwear

Insulated outerwear varieties a non-negotiable element of any wardrobe supposed for navigating New York Metropolis throughout December. It serves as the first protection towards prevailing low temperatures, wind chill, and potential precipitation, all of that are defining traits of the town’s local weather at the moment of 12 months.

  • Insulation Materials and Thermal Effectivity

    The kind of insulation materials immediately dictates the outerwear’s capability to retain warmth. Down insulation, derived from waterfowl plumage, supplies distinctive warmth-to-weight ratio. Artificial insulations, composed of polyester fibers, supply comparable heat whereas sustaining efficiency even when moist, a important issue contemplating New York Metropolis’s potential for rain or snow. The selection between down and artificial is dependent upon particular person preferences and the anticipated publicity to moist situations. The next fill energy in down jackets signifies higher insulation capability.

  • Outer Shell Materials and Environmental Safety

    The outer shell materials supplies safety towards wind and precipitation. Water resistant materials, typically handled with a sturdy water repellent (DWR) end, stop water penetration. Waterproof materials, laminated with a membrane, supply a better diploma of safety towards extended publicity to rain or snow. Windproof materials, tightly woven to dam wind penetration, mitigate the chilling impact of wind chill. The choice of the outer shell materials ought to align with the anticipated climate situations and the extent of safety required.

  • Coat Size and Protection

    The size of the insulated outerwear influences the diploma of physique protection and safety. Longer coats, extending to the mid-thigh or knee, present higher insulation for the decrease physique. Shorter jackets, ending on the waist, supply extra mobility however much less total protection. People who anticipate extended out of doors publicity could profit from the added safety of an extended coat. Consideration must also be given to the kind of actions deliberate, as longer coats could prohibit motion throughout extra energetic pursuits.

  • Hood Design and Performance

    A well-designed hood considerably enhances the protecting capabilities of insulated outerwear. Hoods lined with insulating materials present added heat for the pinnacle and neck. Adjustable hoods, with drawstrings or toggles, enable for a personalized match that minimizes wind penetration. Some hoods are removable, providing versatility in various climate situations. A hood with a brim or visor can present extra safety from rain or snow. The selection of hood design ought to replicate the anticipated want for head and neck safety within the prevailing climate situations.

The effectiveness of insulated outerwear in mitigating the challenges posed by New York Metropolis’s December local weather hinges on the cautious consideration of insulation materials, outer shell properties, coat size, and hood design. These sides work in live performance to supply a protecting barrier towards the weather, making certain consolation and security for people navigating the town throughout this era.

3. Waterproof Footwear

Waterproof footwear isn’t merely an adjunct however a necessary component of applicable apparel for New York Metropolis in December. Town’s propensity for inclement climate necessitates footwear designed to resist moisture, making certain foot consolation, hygiene, and security all through the day.

  • Materials Composition and Water Resistance

    The supplies constituting waterproof footwear are paramount to its performance. Leather-based boots, if handled with waterproofing brokers, can supply a level of safety. Nevertheless, footwear constructed from artificial supplies or rubber supplies a extra dependable barrier towards water penetration. The choice of materials immediately impacts the footwear’s capability to repel water and keep dryness in moist situations, prevalent throughout December in NYC.

  • Traction and Slip Resistance

    Past water resistance, applicable footwear for New York Metropolis in December requires enough traction. Icy sidewalks and slushy streets pose a major danger of slips and falls. Footwear with deep treads and slip-resistant soles enhances stability and reduces the probability of accidents. The tread sample’s design and the rubber compound’s properties decide the extent of grip supplied, notably essential on slick surfaces.

  • Insulation and Thermal Properties

    Waterproof footwear continuously incorporates insulating supplies to keep up foot heat in chilly temperatures. This insulation will be achieved by means of linings of fleece, wool, or artificial fibers. The insulation layer traps warmth and prevents chilly from penetrating the footwear, safeguarding towards frostbite and discomfort. Satisfactory insulation is a important function for prolonged durations spent outdoor within the metropolis’s December local weather.

  • Boot Top and Protection

    The peak of the footwear influences the diploma of safety afforded towards water and snow. Ankle boots present minimal protection, whereas taller boots, extending to the calf or knee, supply higher safety towards deeper puddles and snowdrifts. The choice of boot peak ought to correlate with the anticipated climate situations and the supposed actions. Larger boots are notably advantageous in conditions involving important publicity to snow or standing water.

The combination of waterproof footwear with consideration for materials, traction, insulation, and boot peak supplies a complete technique for navigating New York Metropolis successfully in December. Such measures not solely shield towards the weather but additionally guarantee security and luxury throughout commutes, errands, and leisure actions throughout the city setting.

4. Heat Equipment

Within the context of apparel appropriate for New York Metropolis in December, heat equipment transcend mere adornment, constituting integral elements for sustaining thermal consolation and stopping cold-related well being dangers. The choice of these equipment ought to align with the calls for of the town’s continuously frigid local weather.

  • Scarves: Insulation and Safety

    Scarves serve to insulate the neck, an space notably inclined to warmth loss. Supplies similar to wool, cashmere, or fleece present optimum heat. Scarves additionally operate as a barrier towards wind, mitigating the consequences of wind chill. In sensible software, a shawl will be adjusted to cowl the face during times of utmost chilly or excessive winds, offering extra safety. That is notably related when traversing open areas or ready for public transportation.

  • Gloves or Mittens: Dexterity vs. Insulation

    Gloves and mittens shield the palms from frostbite and keep dexterity. Mittens, by preserving the fingers collectively, typically present superior insulation in comparison with gloves. Nevertheless, gloves supply higher flexibility for duties requiring nice motor expertise, similar to utilizing a cell machine or dealing with keys. People anticipating actions that require dexterity ought to go for gloves with touchscreen compatibility or take into account fingerless gloves layered with mittens. Each choices present safety from chilly, though mittens present extra heat. Leather-based gloves or mittens lined with fleece or wool are an acceptable choice.

  • Hats: Minimizing Warmth Loss

    Hats stop warmth loss from the pinnacle, a major supply of thermal dissipation. Wool, fleece, or knitted hats present efficient insulation. A hat that covers the ears affords enhanced safety towards chilly and wind. Within the city setting of New York Metropolis, a close-fitting hat is advisable to forestall it from being dislodged by sturdy winds. Hats can shield towards chilly publicity in New York Metropolis’s parts.

  • Earmuffs: Focused Insulation

    Earmuffs present focused insulation for the ears, an alternate for many who favor to not put on a full hat. They’re notably helpful for people who expertise sensitivity to chilly within the ears or who want to keep their coiffure. Earmuffs lined with fleece or fake fur present efficient heat. The usage of earmuffs can enhance total thermal consolation when built-in with different heat equipment.

The strategic integration of scarves, gloves or mittens, hats, and earmuffs into the general wardrobe is important for making certain consolation and stopping cold-related illnesses in New York Metropolis throughout December. These equipment collectively contribute to sustaining a secure physique temperature, permitting people to navigate the town’s various environments with out undue discomfort. Cautious consideration must be given to the supplies and design of this stuff to maximise their effectiveness.

5. Versatile Layers

The precept of versatile layering is of paramount significance when figuring out applicable apparel for New York Metropolis in December. Town’s dynamic setting, characterised by fluctuating temperatures between indoor and out of doors areas, necessitates clothes that may be readily adjusted to keep up consolation.

  • Base Layer Adaptability

    The bottom layer, worn closest to the pores and skin, ought to facilitate moisture wicking to forestall chilling. Examples embrace merino wool or artificial materials. The power to take away or modify this layer is essential when transitioning from the chilly outdoor to heated indoor environments, stopping overheating and discomfort.

  • Mid-Layer Insulation

    The mid-layer supplies insulation, trapping physique warmth. Fleece jackets, sweaters, or light-weight down vests function examples. The flexibility of this layer lies in its capability to be added or eliminated based mostly on the prevailing temperature. On milder December days, the mid-layer could suffice as an outer garment, whereas on colder days, it’s important for sustaining heat beneath a heavier coat.

  • Outer Layer Safety

    The outer layer supplies safety from wind, rain, or snow. A water-resistant and windproof coat or jacket exemplifies this layer. Its versatility is set by its capability to defend towards the weather whereas additionally being simply eliminated or opened when getting into indoor areas. Coats with detachable hoods or adjustable cuffs additional improve this layer’s adaptability.

  • Accent Modulation

    Equipment, similar to scarves, gloves, and hats, contribute considerably to temperature regulation. The power to simply add or take away this stuff permits for exact management over physique warmth. A shawl will be loosened or eliminated when indoors, and gloves will be simply stowed when not wanted. This degree of modulation is especially worthwhile in navigating the variable situations of New York Metropolis in December.

The effectiveness of versatile layering within the context of “what to put on in nyc in december” lies in its capability to accommodate the town’s fluctuating temperatures and unpredictable climate patterns. The adaptability afforded by this method ensures consolation and prevents each overheating and hypothermia, enabling people to completely interact of their actions all through the day. The strategic choice of every layer, contemplating its performance and ease of adjustment, is key to navigating the challenges of the December local weather.

6. Head Protecting

The inclusion of head masking in concerns of applicable apparel for New York Metropolis in December isn’t arbitrary. It addresses a physiological crucial: minimizing warmth loss from the pinnacle, a area disproportionately inclined to thermal dissipation. The choice of applicable headwear is a important element in sustaining total physique temperature through the metropolis’s chilly season.

  • Materials Composition and Insulation Worth

    The effectiveness of a head masking in retaining warmth is intrinsically linked to its materials composition. Wool, cashmere, and artificial fleece are continuously employed as a result of their inherent insulating properties. Dense weaves and a number of layers additional improve the thermal retention capabilities. The selection of fabric ought to replicate the anticipated severity of the chilly and the period of out of doors publicity.

  • Protection Space and Safety from Wind

    The extent of head protection immediately influences the diploma of safety afforded. Hats that absolutely cowl the ears and prolong all the way down to the nape of the neck supply superior insulation in comparison with these with a extra restricted profile. Wind-resistant supplies, similar to tightly woven synthetics or handled wool, decrease the chilling impact of wind penetration. The combination of ear flaps or drawstrings permits for additional customization of protection in response to altering wind situations.

  • Type and Practicality in City Setting

    Whereas private fashion preferences issue into headwear choice, practicality throughout the city setting of New York Metropolis should even be thought of. Hats which are too cumbersome or have excessively vast brims could impede visibility or create difficulties navigating crowded sidewalks. Safe match is crucial to forestall dislodgement by sturdy winds. Beanies, trapper hats, and close-fitting knit caps characterize sensible choices for minimizing interference with each day actions.

  • Integration with Different Winter Equipment

    Head coverings operate synergistically with different winter equipment, similar to scarves and gloves, to supply complete safety from the chilly. A shawl will be drawn as much as cowl the decrease face, supplementing the hat’s protection of the pinnacle and ears. Gloves shield the palms from frostbite, making certain total thermal consolation. The coordinated use of those equipment creates a simpler barrier towards the weather than counting on any single merchandise alone.

The choice and utilization of head masking in New York Metropolis in December are subsequently not issues of mere trend however moderately strategic choices predicated on mitigating warmth loss, defending towards wind, and making certain practicality throughout the city setting. The combination of headwear with different winter equipment additional enhances the effectiveness of this protecting technique.

7. Gloves or Mittens

The need of gloves or mittens when contemplating “what to put on in nyc in december” stems immediately from the physiological response to chilly climate. Publicity to low temperatures, attribute of New York Metropolis in December, induces vasoconstriction within the extremities, decreasing blood circulation to the palms and fingers. This compensatory mechanism, whereas preserving core physique temperature, will increase the danger of frostbite and diminished dexterity. Gloves or mittens act as an exterior insulating layer, mitigating warmth loss and sustaining a useful hand temperature.

The choice between gloves and mittens is a important side of this resolution. Mittens, by enclosing all fingers collectively, scale back floor space publicity, thus offering higher heat. That is notably related throughout extended out of doors publicity or in conditions involving minimal bodily exercise. Gloves, conversely, supply enhanced dexterity, facilitating duties similar to utilizing cell gadgets, dealing with keys, or working equipment. The selection subsequently is dependent upon the anticipated actions and the relative significance of heat versus handbook dexterity. A person spending the day sightseeing could prioritize the superior heat of mittens, whereas a supply employee may go for gloves to keep up operational effectivity. Actual-world examples spotlight the importance; a vacationer struggling to take pictures as a result of numb fingers or a commuter fumbling with practice tickets exemplify the results of insufficient hand safety.

In the end, the inclusion of gloves or mittens in a December wardrobe for New York Metropolis isn’t optionally available however a sensible crucial. It addresses a tangible risk to each consolation and bodily well-being. Understanding the trade-offs between heat and dexterity, and aligning the selection with the deliberate actions, ensures efficient safety towards the weather and facilitates unhindered participation in each day life. The problem lies not in acknowledging the necessity for hand safety however in deciding on the precise kind that finest addresses particular person necessities and environmental situations.

8. Wind Resistance

Wind resistance is a important issue when deciding on clothes for New York Metropolis in December. The city setting typically amplifies wind speeds, creating a major chilling impact that may compromise consolation and doubtlessly result in hypothermia. Efficient apparel should mitigate the influence of wind to keep up thermal stability.

  • Cloth Density and Weave

    The density and weave of a material immediately correlate with its wind resistance. Tightly woven supplies, similar to these discovered in lots of outerwear shells, impede the passage of air, decreasing wind penetration. Conversely, loosely woven materials enable wind to move by means of, diminishing their insulating capability. Examples embrace tightly woven nylon or polyester shells in comparison with loosely knit sweaters. Clothes constructed from dense supplies successfully block wind, preserving heat, whereas porous materials supply minimal wind safety, necessitating extra layers.

  • Layering Methods and Wind Blocking

    Strategic layering can improve wind resistance. A windproof outer layer, similar to a shell jacket, serves as the first barrier towards wind penetration. Mid-layers, similar to fleece or down, present insulation, trapping physique warmth. The mixture of a wind-resistant outer layer and an insulating mid-layer creates a complete system for combating wind chill. A single, thick garment missing wind resistance is much less efficient than a layered system incorporating a windproof barrier.

  • Sealed Seams and Closure Programs

    Seams and closures characterize potential factors of entry for wind. Sealed seams, achieved by means of taping or welding, stop wind from penetrating stitched areas. Zippered closures with storm flaps present a barrier towards wind infiltration. Cinch cords on the waist and cuffs additional decrease wind entry by creating a comfortable match. Clothes missing sealed seams or efficient closures are susceptible to wind penetration, compromising their total insulating efficiency.

  • Accent Integration and Uncovered Pores and skin

    Wind resistance extends past core clothes to incorporate equipment. Scarves shield the neck and face from wind publicity, whereas gloves or mittens defend the palms. A hat or hood minimizes warmth loss from the pinnacle and protects the ears from wind. Failure to adequately shield uncovered pores and skin can result in speedy warmth loss and discomfort. The strategic use of equipment enhances the general effectiveness of wind-resistant apparel.

The choice of wind-resistant clothes for New York Metropolis in December requires cautious consideration of cloth density, layering methods, seam development, and accent integration. Prioritizing wind resistance in garment choice mitigates the chilling results of wind, making certain consolation and stopping hypothermia within the metropolis’s typically blustery winter situations. Overlooking this component can result in important discomfort and potential well being dangers, regardless of different insulating properties of the apparel.

9. Umbrella Readiness

The idea of “Umbrella Readiness” is intrinsically linked to “what to put on in nyc in december” because of the unpredictable nature of precipitation throughout this month. Whereas temperatures are typically low, rainfall and snowfall are widespread occurrences, necessitating preparedness for moist situations. The dearth of such preparation can negate the advantages of in any other case applicable apparel, resulting in discomfort and potential well being dangers. For example, insulated outerwear, whereas efficient towards chilly, loses its insulative properties when saturated with water. Equally, unprotected footwear may end up in chilly, moist ft, rising the danger of frostbite or foot-related illnesses.

Umbrella readiness extends past merely possessing an umbrella. It necessitates carrying a compact, simply deployable umbrella always. That is notably essential in a metropolis the place out of doors commutes and actions are frequent. Moreover, clothes selections ought to complement umbrella use. Outerwear with waterproof or waterproof properties affords an extra layer of safety ought to the umbrella show inadequate throughout heavy rainfall. Equally, footwear with enough traction is crucial to navigate slippery sidewalks, that are prevalent after rain or snowfall. The choice of an umbrella itself ought to take into account components similar to measurement, weight, and sturdiness. A big, heavy umbrella could present superior protection however will be cumbersome to hold. A light-weight, compact umbrella affords portability however could also be much less efficient in sturdy winds.

In abstract, “Umbrella Readiness” isn’t an optionally available consideration however a basic element of “what to put on in nyc in december.” Its significance lies in mitigating the opposed results of precipitation on in any other case applicable apparel, making certain consolation, security, and the flexibility to completely interact in each day actions. Failure to account for the potential for rain or snow can render even probably the most rigorously chosen winter wardrobe insufficient. The sensible implication of this understanding is the constant carrying of a dependable umbrella and the choice of clothes that enhances its operate.

Steadily Requested Questions

The next questions tackle widespread inquiries regarding applicable apparel for navigating New York Metropolis in December. Every reply supplies goal steering based mostly on typical climate situations and sensible concerns.

Query 1: What’s the typical temperature vary in New York Metropolis throughout December?

The common temperature vary in New York Metropolis throughout December usually spans from the low 30s to the excessive 40s Fahrenheit (roughly 0 to 10 levels Celsius). Nevertheless, variations happen, with occasional dips under freezing and rare hotter durations. Consideration of each common and potential excessive temperatures is advisable when deciding on clothes.

Query 2: Is snow doubtless in New York Metropolis throughout December?

Snowfall is a risk in New York Metropolis throughout December, though its prevalence and accumulation range from 12 months to 12 months. Statistical chances counsel a average probability of experiencing snowfall throughout this era. Preparation for potential snow, together with waterproof footwear and applicable outerwear, is advisable.

Query 3: What kind of outerwear is best suited for December in New York Metropolis?

Insulated outerwear is mostly advisable for December in New York Metropolis. Down-filled or synthetic-insulated coats supply safety towards chilly temperatures. The selection between down and artificial is dependent upon particular person preferences and anticipated publicity to moist situations, as artificial insulation maintains its insulating properties when moist, whereas down loses a lot of its insulating capability.

Query 4: Are thermal underlayers vital?

Thermal underlayers are strongly advisable for prolonged durations outdoor in New York Metropolis throughout December. These layers present a base degree of insulation, retaining physique warmth and wicking away moisture. Merino wool or artificial supplies are preferable to cotton, which retains moisture and may result in chilling.

Query 5: What kind of footwear is advisable?

Waterproof footwear with good traction is advisable. Boots constructed from waterproof supplies, similar to rubber or handled leather-based, shield towards rain and snow. Soles with deep treads present stability on icy or slippery surfaces. Insulated footwear enhances heat in chilly temperatures.

Query 6: Are equipment, similar to scarves, gloves, and hats, important?

Equipment, together with scarves, gloves, and hats, are important for minimizing warmth loss from extremities and uncovered areas. This stuff present essential insulation towards chilly temperatures and wind chill. The choice of supplies, similar to wool or fleece, ought to prioritize heat and wind resistance.

In abstract, knowledgeable wardrobe selections for New York Metropolis in December necessitate consideration of temperature ranges, potential precipitation, and the significance of layering. The choice of applicable outerwear, underlayers, footwear, and equipment contributes to sustaining consolation and stopping cold-related well being issues.

The next part addresses particular concerns for packing effectively for a visit to New York Metropolis in December.

Important Packing Suggestions

Strategic packing is essential when getting ready apparel for New York Metropolis in December. Restricted baggage house necessitates environment friendly choice of clothes that maximize versatility and thermal safety. This part supplies focused suggestions for optimizing baggage content material in accordance with anticipated local weather situations.

Tip 1: Prioritize Impartial Colours: Deciding on clothes in impartial tones, similar to black, grey, and navy, facilitates intermixing and matching. This method reduces the general variety of required gadgets whereas sustaining stylistic flexibility. A restricted palette of impartial colours promotes a number of outfit mixtures.

Tip 2: Emphasize Layering Elements: Packing a number of skinny layers, moderately than a couple of cumbersome gadgets, permits for adaptability to fluctuating temperatures. Thermal underlayers, fleece jackets, and light-weight sweaters present adjustable insulation. This technique ensures consolation in each indoor and out of doors environments.

Tip 3: Spend money on a Excessive-High quality Outerwear Piece: A sturdy, insulated coat is a basic element of the December wardrobe. Prioritize water resistance, wind resistance, and enough insulation. This single merchandise affords major safety towards the weather.

Tip 4: Choose Versatile Footwear: Pack footwear that’s each waterproof and appropriate for strolling. Boots or sturdy sneakers with good traction present stability on doubtlessly icy or slushy surfaces. Choose a method that may be worn for each informal and extra formal events.

Tip 5: Optimize Accent Choice: Scarves, gloves, and hats are important for thermal regulation. Select equipment that complement the general colour palette and supply enough insulation. Compact equipment decrease baggage house necessities.

Tip 6: Contemplate Laundry Amenities: If laundry amenities are accessible, scale back the general amount of packed gadgets. Washing clothes through the journey minimizes the necessity for extra baggage. This method is especially related for longer stays.

By adhering to those packing suggestions, people can successfully put together apparel for New York Metropolis in December, balancing thermal safety with baggage house constraints. Environment friendly choice and layering methods optimize wardrobe versatility and guarantee consolation in variable climate situations.

The next part supplies concluding remarks for this text.

Conclusion

The previous exploration of “what to put on in nyc in december” has underscored the crucial of strategic apparel choice. Key concerns embody thermal regulation, safety from precipitation, and flexibility to fluctuating indoor and out of doors temperatures. Particular garment suggestions, layering methods, footwear selections, and important equipment contribute to a complete wardrobe appropriate for the calls for of the town’s December local weather.

Efficient navigation of New York Metropolis in December hinges on knowledgeable decision-making relating to clothes selections. Prioritizing performance, sturdiness, and climate resistance ensures each consolation and well-being. Continued adherence to those rules facilitates unhindered participation within the metropolis’s various choices, regardless of prevailing environmental situations.