A particular class of cross-linked polyethylene pipe makes use of ethylene and octene as comonomers in the course of the polymerization course of. This ends in a fabric with enhanced temperature resistance in comparison with another polyethylene variants. It’s ceaselessly employed in plumbing and hydronic radiant heating techniques the place its flexibility and sturdiness supply distinct benefits.
The fabric’s resistance to excessive temperatures and pressures makes it appropriate for each cold and hot water distribution. Its flexibility simplifies set up, lowering the necessity for quite a few fittings and probably decreasing labor prices. Moreover, the long-term stability of the fabric contributes to the longevity and reliability of plumbing and heating infrastructure.
Understanding the traits of this explicit polyethylene pipe is essential for choosing acceptable supplies in plumbing and heating functions. The next sections will delve into particular functions, set up strategies, and comparative analyses with different piping supplies.
1. Enhanced temperature resistance
Enhanced temperature resistance is a defining attribute, crucial to its suitability in numerous plumbing and heating functions. This property permits it to face up to elevated temperatures and pressures, extending its usability past customary polyethylene pipes. Its skill to take care of structural integrity below thermal stress contributes considerably to its efficiency in demanding environments.
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Scorching Water Distribution
The fabric is employed in scorching water distribution techniques resulting from its skill to face up to steady publicity to elevated temperatures with out important degradation. Commonplace polyethylene pipes might soften or deform below comparable situations, making this particular cross-linked polyethylene a extra dependable different for transporting scorching water all through a constructing.
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Radiant Heating Techniques
In radiant flooring heating functions, water heated to particular temperatures is circulated by pipes embedded within the flooring. Its enhanced temperature resistance ensures the pipes can deal with the warmth switch course of effectively and safely, stopping untimely failure and sustaining constant heating efficiency. The supplies sturdiness on this utility is essential for the long-term effectivity of the heating system.
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Recirculation Loops
Scorching water recirculation loops are designed to offer near-instant scorching water at taps and showers. These techniques require pipes that may face up to fixed publicity to scorching water because it circulates constantly. Its temperature resistance makes it well-suited for these demanding functions, making certain the long-term reliability and effectivity of the recirculation loop.
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Photo voltaic Thermal Techniques
Photo voltaic thermal techniques gather photo voltaic vitality to warmth water, which may then be used for varied functions, together with home scorching water and house heating. The pipes in these techniques are subjected to excessive temperatures, particularly during times of peak photo voltaic irradiance. The improved temperature resistance of this particular cross-linked polyethylene ensures that the pipes can face up to these excessive situations with out compromising efficiency.
The aforementioned aspects spotlight the significance of enhanced temperature resistance in varied functions. The distinctive properties of this particular cross-linked polyethylene make it an acceptable and dependable choice. By the use of comparability, conventional PVC pipes are wholly unsuited to scorching water functions and even CPVC is much less versatile than the sort of cross-linked polyethylene. Its enhanced temperature resistance ensures its suitability for demanding functions, leading to an extended service life and minimizing the danger of failures.
2. Octene copolymerization
Octene copolymerization is a crucial course of within the manufacturing of a particular sort of cross-linked polyethylene pipe. The incorporation of octene as a comonomer in the course of the polymerization of ethylene modifies the ensuing polymer construction, imparting key efficiency traits that distinguish it from different polyethylene variants. This modification straight influences its flexibility, temperature resistance, and total sturdiness.
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Enhanced Flexibility
The addition of octene disrupts the crystallinity of the polyethylene polymer, resulting in a extra versatile materials. This enhanced flexibility simplifies set up, particularly in complicated layouts the place bending and maneuvering the pipe are required. The necessity for fewer fittings reduces potential leak factors and lowers total set up prices. As an example, in retrofit plumbing tasks the place navigating current constructions is difficult, this flexibility is a big benefit.
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Improved Temperature Resistance
Octene copolymerization contributes to improved high-temperature efficiency. The modified polymer construction enhances the fabric’s skill to face up to elevated temperatures and pressures, making it appropriate for warm water distribution and radiant heating functions. That is essential in techniques the place the pipe is continually uncovered to scorching water, stopping untimely degradation and making certain long-term reliability. Think about a home scorching water recirculation system; the pipes should endure fixed publicity to scorching water, and the supplies temperature resistance is important.
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Elevated Chemical Resistance
The inclusion of octene also can improve the chemical resistance of the ensuing polymer. That is necessary in functions the place the pipe could be uncovered to varied chemical compounds, equivalent to these present in sure water therapy techniques. Enhanced chemical resistance extends the pipe’s lifespan and prevents corrosion or degradation, making certain water high quality and system integrity. An instance could be its use in agricultural settings the place irrigation techniques might come into contact with fertilizers or pesticides.
In abstract, octene copolymerization will not be merely an incidental step within the manufacturing course of; it’s integral to attaining the specified properties of this particular cross-linked polyethylene pipe. The ensuing enhancements in flexibility, temperature resistance, and chemical resistance make it an acceptable alternative for a variety of plumbing and heating functions, outperforming customary polyethylene choices in demanding environments. Its widespread adoption is a testomony to the advantages derived from this particular manufacturing course of.
3. Flexibility
The inherent flexibility is a key attribute of this particular sort of cross-linked polyethylene piping and a direct consequence of the manufacturing course of involving octene copolymerization. This attribute distinguishes it from extra inflexible piping supplies like copper or CPVC, providing important benefits in set up and system design. The power to bend and conform round obstacles reduces the need for quite a few fittings, mitigating potential leak factors and streamlining the set up course of. For instance, in retrofit tasks inside current buildings, navigating tight areas and irregular wall configurations is considerably simpler in comparison with utilizing inflexible pipes.
The flexibleness extends past mere comfort. It contributes to the general sturdiness of the system. The capability to soak up minor shifts and actions throughout the constructing construction reduces stress on the piping, decreasing the danger of cracks or breaks. That is significantly related in areas liable to seismic exercise or floor settlement. In distinction to inflexible pipes which will fracture below stress, the versatile nature gives a buffer, enhancing the system’s long-term reliability. In hydronic radiant heating techniques, the benefit with which the pipe could be snaked by flooring joists or embedded in concrete slabs interprets to less complicated and quicker set up, and permits for extra even warmth distribution.
In conclusion, the flexibleness of this explicit cross-linked polyethylene will not be merely a fascinating function, however a elementary attribute integral to its performance and widespread adoption. It simplifies set up, reduces potential leak factors, and enhances the system’s resilience. This inherent flexibility underscores its suitability for a variety of plumbing and heating functions, making it a most popular alternative over much less versatile alternate options. The sensible significance of understanding this connection is evident; it informs materials choice selections and optimizes the design and set up of piping techniques, making certain long-term efficiency and reliability.
4. Hydronic Radiant Heating
Hydronic radiant heating techniques, which flow into heated water by tubing to heat surfaces, rely closely on the properties of the piping materials. A particular cross-linked polyethylene with octene modification (PERT) is especially well-suited for this utility resulting from its distinctive mixture of flexibility, temperature resistance, and sturdiness. The system capabilities by transferring warmth from the heated water throughout the tubing to the encircling atmosphere by radiation, conduction, and convection. The supplies skill to face up to the sustained elevated temperatures required for environment friendly warmth switch is paramount. In under-floor heating techniques, for instance, the tubing is embedded in concrete or inside subfloor assemblies, the place changing broken piping is a fancy and dear enterprise. Subsequently, the longevity and reliability of the piping are essential for system efficiency.
The collection of this particular materials straight impacts the vitality effectivity and operational lifespan of the radiant heating system. Commonplace polyethylene pipes are sometimes insufficient resulting from their decrease temperature tolerances, which may result in untimely degradation and system failure. Copper piping, whereas exhibiting wonderful thermal conductivity, lacks the flexibleness wanted for simple set up in complicated layouts and is considerably costlier. This particular cross-linked polyethylene gives a balanced resolution, providing ample thermal conductivity for environment friendly warmth switch, coupled with the flexibleness required for easy set up, and the sturdiness to face up to long-term publicity to heated water. In massive business buildings, radiant heating techniques using this materials can contribute to important vitality financial savings in comparison with conventional forced-air heating techniques, lowering working prices and environmental impression.
In conclusion, the mixing of this particular cross-linked polyethylene into hydronic radiant heating techniques is a results of its superior efficiency traits in comparison with different supplies. Its temperature resistance ensures long-term reliability, its flexibility simplifies set up, and its sturdiness minimizes upkeep necessities. Whereas challenges equivalent to making certain correct set up strategies and addressing potential permeation points exist, the advantages of utilizing this materials in hydronic radiant heating functions outweigh the drawbacks, making it a most popular alternative for environment friendly and dependable heating options. The understanding of this relationship is essential for engineers and installers searching for to optimize the efficiency and longevity of radiant heating techniques.
5. Potable water protected
The suitability of a particular cross-linked polyethylene for potable water distribution hinges on its compliance with stringent security requirements and its resistance to leaching dangerous substances into the water provide. Its certification for potable water use will not be an assumption however a verified attribute, supported by rigorous testing and adherence to business rules.
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NSF/ANSI 61 Certification
The NSF/ANSI 61 customary is a crucial benchmark for evaluating the well being results of plumbing parts. Certification below this customary confirms that the fabric has undergone rigorous testing to make sure it doesn’t leach contaminants into ingesting water at ranges that would pose a well being danger. This certification gives assurance to shoppers and regulatory our bodies that the fabric is protected for potable water functions. As an example, merchandise missing this certification might launch chemical compounds or heavy metals that exceed acceptable limits, rendering them unsuitable for contact with ingesting water.
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Materials Composition and Leaching Resistance
The particular formulation and manufacturing course of dictate its leaching traits. Respected producers make use of high-quality uncooked supplies and managed manufacturing strategies to reduce the danger of contaminants migrating from the pipe into the water. Common testing is performed to confirm that the fabric stays chemically secure over its service life and below various water situations. For instance, even minor variations within the manufacturing course of can considerably impression the leaching habits, emphasizing the significance of constant high quality management.
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Resistance to Microbial Development
The inside floor’s resistance to microbial progress is one other necessary facet of its security for potable water. Some supplies can harbor micro organism or promote biofilm formation, resulting in water contamination and potential well being hazards. This explicit materials usually reveals a easy, non-porous floor that inhibits microbial adhesion and progress, lowering the danger of waterborne ailments. For instance, evaluate this floor to that of older iron pipes, that are liable to corrosion and biofilm accumulation, making a breeding floor for dangerous micro organism.
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Influence of Water Chemistry
The chemical composition of the water itself can affect the interplay between the water and the pipe materials. Elements equivalent to pH, hardness, and chlorine ranges can have an effect on the leaching habits and the general stability of the pipe. It’s designed to be suitable with a variety of water situations, however particular pointers needs to be adopted relating to water therapy and chemical compatibility to make sure long-term security. As an example, extraordinarily acidic or alkaline water might speed up the degradation of some piping supplies, highlighting the significance of water high quality administration.
In abstract, the “potable water protected” designation for this particular cross-linked polyethylene is underpinned by stringent certification, cautious materials choice, and a give attention to leaching resistance and microbial management. Its compliance with NSF/ANSI 61 and its confirmed observe document in potable water functions make it a dependable alternative for making certain water high quality and public well being. This reliability comes from the inherent properties imparted to the fabric throughout manufacturing processes, particularly when octene is used as a comonomer. It’s designed to carry out safely inside particular parameters, thereby highlighting the significance of understanding the interaction between materials properties, water chemistry, and regulatory compliance.
6. Chemical resistance
Chemical resistance is a crucial issue governing the long-term efficiency and suitability of particular cross-linked polyethylene piping techniques in varied functions. Its skill to face up to publicity to numerous chemical substances determines its longevity and prevents potential contamination of transported fluids. Evaluating chemical resistance necessitates contemplating the particular substances the pipe might encounter and the potential results of extended publicity.
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Resistance to Chlorinated Water
Chlorine, a standard disinfectant in potable water techniques, can degrade sure piping supplies over time. The chosen cross-linked polyethylene reveals notable resistance to chlorine, minimizing the danger of embrittlement and cracking. The soundness ensures the integrity of water distribution techniques, stopping leaks and sustaining water high quality. Nevertheless, extraordinarily excessive chlorine concentrations or extended publicity ought to nonetheless be averted.
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Compatibility with Antifreeze Options
In hydronic heating techniques, antifreeze options, equivalent to glycol-based fluids, are sometimes used to stop freezing throughout chilly climate. The chosen cross-linked polyethylene demonstrates compatibility with these options, with out important degradation or leaching of chemical compounds. This compatibility is important for sustaining the effectivity and longevity of hydronic techniques working in chilly climates.
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Resistance to Acids and Bases
Publicity to acidic or alkaline substances can compromise the structural integrity of some piping supplies. This chosen cross-linked polyethylene reveals a level of resistance to delicate acids and bases, increasing its applicability in varied industrial and agricultural settings. Nevertheless, sturdy acids or bases should still trigger harm, requiring cautious analysis of chemical compatibility earlier than deployment.
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Influence of Soil Chemistry
For buried piping techniques, soil chemistry performs a task within the long-term efficiency of the piping. The chosen cross-linked polyethylene resists degradation from frequent soil parts, equivalent to sulfates and chlorides. This resistance contributes to the longevity of underground plumbing and irrigation techniques, minimizing the danger of leaks and soil contamination. Website-specific soil testing is beneficial for tasks involving aggressive soil situations.
In conclusion, the chemical resistance is a multifaceted property that considerably influences the suitability of particular cross-linked polyethylene for numerous functions. Its compatibility with chlorinated water, antifreeze options, and delicate acids and bases expands its utility in plumbing, heating, and industrial techniques. Whereas it reveals a notable stage of resistance, cautious consideration of particular chemical publicity situations is essential for making certain long-term efficiency and stopping potential failures.
7. Lowered becoming wants
The attribute flexibility of a particular cross-linked polyethylene considerably reduces the need for quite a few fittings in plumbing and heating techniques. This discount yields a number of distinct benefits regarding set up time, materials prices, and the general reliability of the system.
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Fewer Potential Leak Factors
Every becoming inside a piping system represents a possible level of failure. By minimizing the variety of connections, the danger of leaks is correspondingly diminished. As an example, an extended, uninterrupted run of this piping could be put in with out couplings, considerably lowering the chance of future leaks in comparison with a system utilizing inflexible pipe that necessitates frequent connections to navigate obstacles. This discount is essential in hid installations, the place leaks are troublesome to detect and might trigger important harm earlier than being addressed.
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Simplified Set up Course of
The flexibleness permits the pipe to bend round corners and obstacles, lowering the necessity for elbows and different fittings. This simplification streamlines the set up course of, lowering labor time and related prices. In a typical residential plumbing venture, this may translate into important financial savings on each supplies and labor. Moreover, much less complicated installations are much less liable to errors, enhancing the general high quality and reliability of the system.
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Decrease Materials Prices
Fittings contribute considerably to the general materials prices of a plumbing or heating system. By lowering the variety of fittings required, the general expense of the venture is lowered. This price discount is especially important in bigger tasks involving intensive piping networks. For instance, in a business constructing, the financial savings on fittings could be substantial, contributing to total venture cost-effectiveness.
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Improved Stream Traits
Every becoming introduces a level of movement restriction inside a piping system. Lowering the variety of fittings minimizes these restrictions, leading to improved movement traits and diminished strain drop. This enchancment is especially necessary in techniques the place sustaining sufficient strain is essential, equivalent to in multi-story buildings or techniques with lengthy pipe runs. By optimizing movement traits, the general effectivity and efficiency of the system are enhanced.
The diminished becoming wants, a direct consequence of this materials’s flexibility, contribute to a extra environment friendly, cost-effective, and dependable plumbing and heating system. This attribute additional solidifies its place as a most popular alternative in lots of fashionable building and renovation tasks, significantly the place minimizing potential failure factors and streamlining set up are paramount. This underscores its widespread adoption throughout a spectrum of tasks.
8. Lengthy-term stability
The enduring efficiency of a particular cross-linked polyethylene pipe, typically recognized by its materials composition together with octene, is intrinsically linked to its long-term stability. This stability refers to its skill to take care of its key bodily and chemical properties over an prolonged service life below regular working situations. A degradation in these properties can compromise the integrity of the piping system, resulting in leaks, diminished movement charges, and potential well being dangers if used for potable water. Subsequently, long-term stability will not be merely a fascinating attribute however a elementary requirement for its dependable utility in plumbing and heating techniques. For instance, take into account a radiant flooring heating system embedded in concrete. Changing failing pipes would contain important disruption and expense, highlighting the significance of a secure and sturdy materials.
A number of components contribute to the long-term stability. The cross-linking course of, the place polymer chains are chemically bonded, enhances its resistance to thermal degradation and creep deformation. The addition of octene as a comonomer additional improves its flexibility and resistance to emphasize cracking. Moreover, the usage of acceptable stabilizers throughout manufacturing protects the fabric from oxidation and UV degradation. Sensible functions embrace home scorching water recirculation techniques. These techniques topic pipes to fixed publicity to elevated temperatures. Demonstrably, merchandise missing sufficient stabilizers or cross-linking might exhibit untimely failure. Subsequently, correct materials choice is essential.
In conclusion, the long-term stability of a particular cross-linked polyethylene product is paramount to its dependable efficiency in numerous plumbing and heating functions. This stability stems from a mixture of things, together with cross-linking density, comonomer choice, and the inclusion of stabilizers. Though challenges stay in predicting long-term efficiency below all working situations, rigorous testing and adherence to business requirements present an inexpensive assurance of its sturdiness. The understanding of this connection is significant for knowledgeable materials choice and the design of sturdy and reliable piping techniques. Continued analysis is essential to additional enhance its efficiency and prolong its service life.
9. Price-effectiveness
The general financial worth of a specific cross-linked polyethylene arises from a confluence of things influencing preliminary funding, set up bills, and long-term operational prices. Evaluating its cost-effectiveness necessitates a complete evaluation encompassing materials bills, labor necessities, and potential financial savings realized over the lifespan of the plumbing or heating system.
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Decrease Materials Prices In comparison with Options
Compared to conventional piping supplies equivalent to copper, the uncooked materials price is commonly considerably decrease. This differential can translate into substantial financial savings, particularly in large-scale tasks requiring intensive piping networks. Think about, for instance, a multi-unit residential constructing the place the cumulative materials price for copper piping might be significantly increased than that of this cross-linked polyethylene.
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Lowered Labor Prices As a consequence of Simplified Set up
The flexibleness of this cross-linked polyethylene reduces the variety of fittings wanted and simplifies the set up course of. This simplification straight interprets into diminished labor hours and related prices. As an example, in a retrofit plumbing venture navigating current constructions, its flexibility permits installers to bypass obstacles extra simply, diminishing the time required for chopping, soldering, and becoming a member of pipes.
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Decreased Upkeep and Restore Bills
The fabric’s resistance to corrosion, scaling, and freezing harm contributes to diminished upkeep and restore bills over the lifespan of the system. As an example, in areas with laborious water, copper pipes are inclined to scaling, which may cut back movement charges and necessitate periodic cleansing or substitute. This explicit cross-linked polyethylene is much less liable to scaling, diminishing the necessity for such upkeep.
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Power Effectivity Concerns in Heating Techniques
Whereas the fabric itself doesn’t straight impression vitality effectivity, its integration into environment friendly heating techniques, equivalent to radiant flooring heating, can contribute to total vitality financial savings. These techniques, by offering extra even warmth distribution, can probably cut back vitality consumption in comparison with conventional forced-air techniques. On this context, the cost-effectiveness extends past materials and labor bills to embody long-term vitality financial savings.
The fee-effectiveness of utilizing a particular cross-linked polyethylene will not be solely decided by preliminary materials prices. A complete evaluation should account for diminished labor bills, decrease upkeep necessities, and potential vitality financial savings realized over the system’s operational life. Evaluating to alternate options like copper, PVC, or CPVC, necessitates a holistic perspective contemplating these interrelated components. In the end, its financial worth is realized by a mixture of upfront financial savings and sustained efficiency.
Regularly Requested Questions on this Sort of Cross-Linked Polyethylene
The next questions handle frequent inquiries and considerations relating to the properties, functions, and limitations of this explicit sort of cross-linked polyethylene. The solutions are meant to offer clear and concise data for professionals and shoppers alike.
Query 1: Is the sort of pipe appropriate for all potable water functions?
Whereas licensed for potable water use, adherence to native plumbing codes and producer pointers is important. Particular water situations or therapy strategies might require further issues. Contact with sure chemical compounds needs to be averted.
Query 2: What’s the most working temperature and strain for this pipe?
The utmost working temperature and strain depend upon the particular product and its meant utility. Seek the advice of the producer’s specs for detailed data. Exceeding these limits can compromise the integrity of the piping system.
Query 3: How does it evaluate to different kinds of PEX (e.g., PEX-A, PEX-B)?
Whereas all PEX varieties share the basic attribute of cross-linking, they differ of their manufacturing processes and ensuing properties. This variant, manufactured utilizing octene, usually presents a stability of flexibility and temperature resistance appropriate for varied functions. PEX-A usually reveals better flexibility, whereas PEX-B typically presents increased chlorine resistance. Particular venture necessities ought to information the collection of the suitable PEX sort.
Query 4: Can this pipe be used for underground burial?
This sort of pipe can be utilized for underground burial, however correct set up practices are essential. The pipe needs to be protected against sharp objects and put in beneath the frost line to stop freezing. Compliance with native constructing codes is important.
Query 5: What are the beneficial becoming a member of strategies?
Numerous becoming a member of strategies are suitable with this pipe, together with crimp fittings, growth fittings, and push-fit fittings. The selection of becoming a member of technique is dependent upon the particular utility and installer desire. Adherence to producer suggestions is essential for making certain a safe and leak-free connection.
Query 6: Is it recyclable?
The recyclability of this pipe is dependent upon native recycling infrastructure and the presence of cross-linking. Whereas some recycling packages might settle for sure kinds of polyethylene, cross-linked supplies are sometimes tougher to recycle. Contacting native recycling services for particular data is beneficial.
The knowledge introduced in these FAQs gives a foundational understanding of this materials. For particular venture functions, consulting with certified plumbing professionals and reviewing producer specs is very beneficial.
The next part will additional talk about the long-term environmental impression and sustainable practices related to this explicit piping materials.
Pointers for Using a Particular Cross-Linked Polyethylene
The next suggestions present actionable steerage for successfully using this piping materials in plumbing and heating techniques, making certain optimum efficiency and longevity. Adherence to those pointers minimizes potential points and maximizes the advantages.
Tip 1: Choose the Applicable Product Grade. Confirm that the particular product grade is appropriate for the meant utility. Elements equivalent to temperature and strain necessities, chemical publicity, and regulatory compliance ought to dictate the grade choice.
Tip 2: Observe Producer Set up Tips. Adherence to manufacturer-specified set up procedures is essential for making certain correct joint integrity and system efficiency. Deviations from these pointers can compromise the system’s reliability.
Tip 3: Make use of Suitable Fittings and Instruments. Utilizing fittings and instruments particularly designed for the sort of cross-linked polyethylene is important for creating safe and leak-free connections. Mixing incompatible parts can lead to joint failures.
Tip 4: Keep away from Over-Bending the Pipe. Whereas that is versatile, exceeding its minimal bend radius could cause kinking or harm to the pipe wall. Make use of bending instruments or strategies to take care of a easy, constant curvature.
Tip 5: Shield from UV Publicity. Extended publicity to ultraviolet (UV) radiation can degrade the fabric over time. Shield uncovered piping with UV-resistant coatings or shielding to increase its service life.
Tip 6: Insulate Piping in Chilly Climates. Correct insulation is important to stop freezing and bursting in chilly climates. Sufficient insulation additionally reduces warmth loss in scorching water techniques, enhancing vitality effectivity.
Tip 7: Carry out Strain Testing. After set up, conduct thorough strain testing to confirm the integrity of the piping system and establish any leaks. Adhere to native plumbing code necessities for strain testing procedures.
These pointers supply sensible steerage for maximizing some great benefits of this cross-linked polyethylene in plumbing and heating functions. Constant adherence to those pointers enhances system reliability and minimizes the danger of failures.
The next conclusion summarizes key traits and future tendencies.
Conclusion
The previous sections have elucidated the multifaceted nature of a particular cross-linked polyethylene pipe, emphasizing its defining traits equivalent to enhanced temperature resistance, octene copolymerization, flexibility, and suitability for varied functions, together with hydronic radiant heating and potable water distribution. Its compliance with security requirements and diminished becoming necessities additional contribute to its widespread adoption in fashionable plumbing and heating techniques. Lengthy-term stability and cost-effectiveness issues reinforce its worth proposition.
Understanding the particular properties and acceptable functions of this materials is essential for engineers, installers, and constructing house owners. Continued developments in polymer know-how and manufacturing processes might additional improve its efficiency and increase its utilization in sustainable constructing practices. Rigorous adherence to business requirements and producer pointers stays paramount for making certain the protected and dependable operation of piping techniques using this materials.
