9+ What Size Rug Under Queen Bed? Decor Guide


9+ What Size Rug Under Queen Bed? Decor Guide

Figuring out the suitable dimensions for flooring coverings positioned partially beneath a queen-sized mattress entails a number of issues. Commonplace queen beds measure 60 inches broad and 80 inches lengthy. The choice course of ought to consider each the aesthetic enchantment and practical facets of the rug, reminiscent of offering heat underfoot and visually anchoring the mattress throughout the room. The particular dimension chosen straight impacts the general steadiness and perceived spaciousness of the bed room.

Using a rug strategically beneath a mattress enhances the room’s design and luxury. A well-chosen rug can visually develop a smaller area or create a extra intimate really feel in a bigger one. Traditionally, flooring coverings have served as each ornamental components and sensible insulators in opposition to chilly flooring. The advantages lengthen past aesthetics, contributing to noise discount and cushioning. Choosing the proper dimensions avoids widespread points reminiscent of a rug that’s too small and seems insignificant or one that’s so massive it overwhelms the room.

The following sections will element particular dimension suggestions and placement tips to help in deciding on the optimum flooring protecting dimension for placement partially underneath a queen mattress, alongside contemplating room dimension and private model preferences. The next issues can even cowl normal placements: two-thirds underneath the mattress, the entire mattress positioned on the rug, and rug placement on the foot of the mattress.

1. 8×10 Ft

An 8×10 foot rug represents a often chosen dimension when contemplating acceptable flooring coverings to put partially beneath a queen-sized mattress. The size provide substantial protection, usually extending past the edges and foot of the mattress. This prolonged space supplies a smooth touchdown floor and contributes to the general aesthetic steadiness of the bed room. For instance, in a bed room measuring 12×14 ft, an 8×10 rug permits for a good portion of the mattress and surrounding flooring area to be visually linked, thereby making a extra cohesive design. With out this dimension, a smaller rug would possibly seem disproportionate, failing to adequately anchor the mattress throughout the room’s structure.

The collection of an 8×10 rug additionally impacts the sensible facets of the bed room. The extra rug space supplies elevated insulation, muffling sounds and creating a hotter setting underfoot. This consideration is especially related in bedrooms with hardwood or tile flooring. Moreover, a rug of this dimension will help defend the ground from scratches and put on, particularly in high-traffic areas across the mattress. The location of an 8×10 rug ought to bear in mind the positioning of nightstands and different bed room furnishings to make sure a balanced and practical association.

In conclusion, the 8×10 foot rug presents a viable and generally chosen choice for placement underneath a queen mattress, providing a steadiness between visible enchantment and sensible advantages. Challenges could come up in smaller rooms the place such a big rug may overwhelm the area. Nonetheless, when appropriately applied in a suitably sized room, the 8×10 rug enhances each the consolation and design of the bed room, making it a key consideration in flooring protecting choice for queen beds.

2. 9×12 Ft

The consideration of a 9×12 foot rug in relation to a queen mattress necessitates an intensive analysis of the room’s dimensions and desired aesthetic. This dimension rug introduces a considerable flooring protecting that may considerably alter the visible notion of the bed room.

  • Beneficiant Protection

    A 9×12 foot rug supplies in depth protection, usually extending considerably past the edges and foot of a queen mattress. This beneficiant dimension provides enhanced visible anchoring of the mattress throughout the room, making a extra outlined and intentional structure. For instance, in a bigger master suite, this dimension rug will help to fill the area and stop the mattress from showing remoted. The expanded floor space underfoot additionally contributes to elevated heat and luxury.

  • Room Proportion

    Using a 9×12 rug calls for cautious consideration of the room’s proportions. A smaller bed room could also be overwhelmed by such a big rug, making the area really feel cramped. Conversely, in a spacious bed room, a 9×12 rug can set up a way of luxurious and completeness. Correct measurement and visualization of the rug’s placement prior to buy are important to make sure harmonious integration with the room’s structure.

  • Furnishings Placement

    The location of extra bed room furnishings, reminiscent of nightstands, dressers, and benches, should align with the rug’s dimensions. A 9×12 rug could necessitate that each one items of furnishings throughout the mattress space relaxation solely on the rug, making a unified aesthetic. Alternatively, strategic placement can permit for a portion of the ground to stay seen, offering a visible break and stopping the room from feeling overly carpeted.

  • Visible Influence

    The substantial dimension of a 9×12 rug exerts a big visible influence on the bed room. The rug serves as a foundational factor, influencing the general shade palette and design scheme. Choosing a rug with acceptable shade and sample can improve the room’s model, whether or not aiming for a basic, trendy, or bohemian aesthetic. A well-chosen 9×12 rug can elevate the room’s design, including each visible enchantment and tactile consolation.

In abstract, the collection of a 9×12 foot rug for placement underneath a queen mattress is a call rooted in cautious evaluation of room dimension, furnishings association, and desired aesthetic. The beneficiant protection and visible influence of this dimension rug render it an appropriate alternative for bigger bedrooms searching for an expensive and well-defined design. The implementation of this dimension alternative must be deliberate to keep away from overpowering smaller areas.

3. Two-Thirds Protection

The idea of “two-thirds protection” represents a practical method to deciding on a flooring protecting for partial placement beneath a queen-sized mattress. It goals to steadiness aesthetic enchantment with sensible performance, making certain ample rug space extends past the mattress body to boost visible coherence with out overwhelming the room.

  • Visible Proportions

    Reaching two-thirds protection usually entails positioning the rug in order that it extends from the pinnacle of the mattress down roughly two-thirds of its size, leaving the remaining portion of the mattress body uncovered. This placement creates a balanced visible impact, suggesting that the rug is deliberately built-in into the room’s design. For instance, with a typical queen mattress size of 80 inches, the rug would lengthen roughly 53 inches from the pinnacle of the mattress. Deviating considerably from this proportion may end up in a rug that seems both too small and insignificant or too massive and overpowering.

  • Sensible Concerns

    Two-thirds protection just isn’t solely about aesthetics; it additionally addresses sensible issues. By extending previous the edges of the mattress, the rug supplies a snug floor for naked ft upon exiting the mattress, notably helpful on chilly flooring. Moreover, this protection can defend the ground from put on and tear in high-traffic areas across the mattress. Inadequate protection could fail to offer these practical advantages, whereas extreme protection may impede motion and limit entry to different areas of the room.

  • Commonplace Rug Sizes

    To realize two-thirds protection beneath a queen mattress, widespread rug sizes reminiscent of 8×10 ft or 9×12 ft are sometimes employed. The particular dimension chosen is determined by the general dimensions of the room and the specified quantity of rug extension past the mattress’s sides. As an example, in a smaller bed room, an 8×10 rug would possibly present ample protection, whereas a bigger bed room would possibly necessitate a 9×12 rug to take care of proportional steadiness. Cautious measurement and visualization are essential in figuring out the optimum dimension.

  • Design Flexibility

    The 2-thirds protection method provides design flexibility, permitting for personalisation based mostly on particular person preferences. It may be tailored to accommodate varied mattress body kinds and room layouts. Some people would possibly choose a extra beneficiant extension of the rug, whereas others would possibly go for a extra minimal method. The bottom line is to take care of a way of steadiness and concord throughout the total design scheme. Deviations from the usual two-thirds proportion must be rigorously thought-about to make sure they align with the supposed aesthetic and practical targets.

In abstract, two-thirds protection supplies a sensible and aesthetically pleasing guideline for rug placement underneath a queen mattress. It successfully combines visible proportion, practical advantages, and design flexibility, making it a useful consideration when deciding on an acceptable flooring protecting. By rigorously contemplating these facets, one can obtain a balanced and harmonious bed room design that enhances each consolation and elegance.

4. Foot-of-Mattress Placement

Foot-of-bed placement represents another technique in deciding on flooring coverings for a queen-sized mattress, distinct from the method the place the rug is partially positioned beneath the mattress’s body. This methodology usually entails positioning the rug perpendicular to the mattress’s foot, extending outward to create an outlined zone. The dimensions of the rug, on this occasion, is straight correlated to the specified visible influence and practical function. A smaller rug would possibly serve solely as an ornamental factor, including texture and shade, whereas a bigger rug supplies a extra substantial space underfoot, appropriate for a seating space or dressing area on the foot of the mattress. The impact of foot-of-bed placement depends on the rug’s dimension relative to the mattress and the encompassing room dimensions; an improperly sized rug can disrupt the room’s steadiness.

Think about a bed room the place a queen mattress is positioned in opposition to a wall, leaving restricted area on both facet. In such a situation, inserting a big rug partially underneath the mattress is probably not possible or aesthetically pleasing. A runner rug or an oblong rug positioned solely on the foot of the mattress supplies a visible anchor with out overwhelming the area. Conversely, in a bigger bed room, a extra substantial rug can lengthen additional, creating an outlined seating space with chairs or a bench positioned atop the rug. This method provides performance to the room and enhances the mattress’s presence. The choice hinges on the room’s accessible area and the specified performance of the rug.

In abstract, foot-of-bed placement provides a definite method to flooring protecting choice, prioritizing visible emphasis and practical zoning on the foot of the mattress. The perfect rug dimension is determined by the room’s dimensions, the specified aesthetic, and the supposed performance. Whereas offering an alternative choice to partial under-bed placement, foot-of-bed placement necessitates cautious consideration of scale and proportion to attain a harmonious and balanced bed room design. Challenges could come up in smaller rooms the place area is proscribed, requiring exact measurement and considerate collection of rug dimensions. Finally, this methodology provides a viable choice for enhancing the room’s design whereas including consolation and performance.

5. Aspect Overhang Width

Aspect overhang width is a important determinant when establishing the suitable rug dimensions for placement partially beneath a queen mattress. This parameter defines the extent to which the rug extends past the lateral edges of the mattress body, influencing each the aesthetic steadiness and practical utility of the ground protecting.

  • Aesthetic Stability and Room Proportion

    Aspect overhang width straight impacts the visible concord of the bed room. Inadequate overhang may end up in a rug that seems undersized, diminishing its influence and making the mattress appear disproportionately massive. Conversely, extreme overhang can visually shrink the room, overwhelming the area. A balanced overhang, usually starting from 18 to 24 inches, creates a way of proportion and enhances the general design. As an example, a 9×12 rug would possibly present an optimum facet overhang width in a bigger room, whereas an 8×10 rug could also be extra acceptable for smaller areas.

  • Practical Concerns and Underfoot Consolation

    Past aesthetics, facet overhang width influences sensible facets of the rug’s operate. Enough overhang supplies a snug floor for stepping off the bed, notably on chilly flooring. This consideration is very related in bedrooms with hardwood or tile. A rug with minimal overhang would possibly fail to offer this consolation, requiring occupants to step straight onto the naked flooring. The facet overhang thus contributes to the tactile expertise and total usability of the rug.

  • Furnishings Integration and Placement

    Aspect overhang width have to be thought-about together with the position of different bed room furnishings, reminiscent of nightstands and dressers. The rug ought to ideally lengthen beneath the entrance legs of those furnishings items to create a cohesive and unified look. If the facet overhang is inadequate, the furnishings would possibly seem disconnected from the rug, disrupting the visible circulation of the room. Correct planning ensures that the rug integrates seamlessly with the prevailing furnishings association, enhancing the room’s design.

  • Commonplace Room Dimensions and Out there Area

    Aspect overhang width is finally constrained by the scale of the bed room. In smaller rooms, a bigger rug with a big facet overhang won’t be possible as a consequence of restricted area. In such circumstances, a smaller rug with a diminished overhang or various placement methods, reminiscent of positioning the rug solely on the foot of the mattress, is likely to be extra acceptable. Correct measurement of the room and cautious consideration of accessible area are important for choosing a rug with an acceptable facet overhang width.

In conclusion, facet overhang width is an integral consideration in figuring out the optimum rug dimensions for placement underneath a queen mattress. By balancing aesthetic issues, practical necessities, furnishings integration, and room dimensions, an appropriate rug will be chosen to boost each the visible enchantment and sensible utility of the bed room. Consideration to this element ensures a harmonious and well-designed area.

6. Room Dimension Compatibility

Room dimension considerably dictates the suitability of a flooring protecting positioned partially beneath a queen mattress. The size of the room, size, and width, impose limitations on the viable vary of rug sizes. A small room paired with an outsized rug will create a cramped and visually unbalanced setting, negating the supposed aesthetic enhancement. Conversely, a big room can render an inadequately sized rug inconsequential, failing to successfully anchor the mattress throughout the area. The compatibility between rug dimension and room dimensions is thus a main determinant in reaching a harmonious inside design.

As an example, a bed room measuring 10 ft by 12 ft necessitates cautious consideration of rug dimensions. An 8×10 rug, whereas a typical alternative for queen beds, could devour an excessive amount of flooring area on this setting, hindering motion and diminishing the room’s perceived dimension. In such a case, a smaller rug, or various placement methods, reminiscent of positioning the rug solely on the foot of the mattress, are extra acceptable. Conversely, in a bigger master suite measuring 16 ft by 20 ft, a 9×12 rug and even bigger could also be essential to create a way of steadiness and stop the mattress from showing misplaced throughout the expansive area. Consideration have to be given to the situation of doorways, home windows, and different architectural components, as these elements additional constrain viable rug placement choices.

In conclusion, room dimension compatibility is an indispensable part within the choice course of when figuring out the suitable rug dimensions for a queen mattress. Failure to account for room dimensions can result in visible imbalances and compromised performance, undermining the general design intent. Cautious measurement and visualization of rug placement throughout the room are important steps in making certain a cohesive and aesthetically pleasing end result. Understanding the spatial relationships between room dimension and rug dimensions is essential for reaching a balanced and harmonious bed room setting. Challenges typically stem from inaccurately assessing room dimension or failing to account for present furnishings and architectural constraints. Nonetheless, by prioritizing room dimension compatibility, one can successfully navigate these challenges and obtain the specified design aims.

7. Furnishings Association

Furnishings association inside a bed room straight influences the willpower of rug dimensions appropriate for partial placement underneath a queen mattress. The structure of surrounding furnishings dictates each the seen space of the rug and its practical function throughout the room.

  • Nightstand Integration

    The positioning of nightstands relative to the mattress straight impacts the required rug width. If nightstands are supposed to relaxation partially or solely on the rug, the rug’s width should accommodate their footprint. For instance, if nightstands are 20 inches broad every and positioned on both facet of the queen mattress, the rug width ought to lengthen past the mattress by at the very least 40 inches to make sure a cohesive aesthetic. Failure to account for this may end up in nightstands showing disconnected from the mattress, disrupting the room’s visible unity.

  • Dresser and Bench Placement

    The presence of a dresser or bench on the foot of the mattress necessitates changes to the rug’s size. If the intention is for these items to take a seat partially or solely on the rug, the rug’s size should lengthen accordingly. As an example, if a bench is eighteen inches deep, the rug ought to lengthen past the foot of the mattress by at the very least this distance. This configuration ensures the rug acts as a unifying factor, connecting the assorted furnishings items throughout the bed room.

  • Strolling Area and Site visitors Movement

    Furnishings association additionally influences rug dimension by its influence on strolling area and site visitors circulation. The rug mustn’t impede pathways or create tripping hazards. In smaller rooms, a bigger rug could impede motion and create a way of confinement. Conversely, in bigger rooms, an undersized rug could fail to adequately outline the area. Consideration have to be given to the position of doorways, closets, and different entry factors to make sure the rug enhances reasonably than hinders motion throughout the room.

  • Visible Stability and Symmetry

    Furnishings association contributes to the general visible steadiness and symmetry of the room. The rug can be utilized to boost or appropriate imbalances within the furnishings structure. For instance, if one facet of the mattress is extra closely furnished than the opposite, a bigger rug space on the much less furnished facet can create a way of equilibrium. Symmetry in furnishings placement typically necessitates a symmetrical rug structure, reinforcing the room’s visible concord. The rug ought to complement the furnishings, enhancing the room’s total aesthetic enchantment.

In conclusion, furnishings association serves as a main consideration in figuring out rug dimensions for queen beds. By rigorously accounting for the position of nightstands, dressers, benches, and different furnishings items, one can choose a rug that seamlessly integrates into the room’s structure, enhancing each its aesthetic enchantment and practical utility. This holistic method ensures the rug enhances the furnishings, contributing to a cohesive and visually balanced bed room design.

8. Visible Stability

Reaching visible steadiness inside a bed room considerably depends on the scale of the ground protecting positioned partially beneath a queen mattress. The chosen rug dimension both enhances or disrupts the room’s equilibrium, influencing the notion of area and concord.

  • Anchoring Impact and Spatial Definition

    The rug serves as a visible anchor, grounding the mattress and defining the realm. An undersized rug can go away the mattress seemingly adrift, whereas an appropriately sized rug connects the mattress to its environment, making a cohesive visible unit. As an example, a rug extending sufficiently past the edges of the mattress supplies an outlined zone, harmonizing the furnishings association.

  • Proportional Concord and Symmetry

    Rug dimensions contribute to proportional concord by balancing the size of the mattress with the encompassing flooring area. Symmetrical layouts typically profit from a rug that mirrors the mattress’s proportions, reinforcing the room’s steadiness. Conversely, asymmetrical preparations could require a rug dimension that compensates for visible imbalances created by furnishings placement.

  • Colour and Sample Distribution

    The rug’s shade and sample influence visible steadiness by their distribution throughout the ground airplane. A rug with a daring sample can draw consideration and outline the realm, whereas a refined, impartial rug supplies a grounding factor with out overwhelming the area. The rug’s visible weight should align with the room’s total shade scheme and design.

  • Destructive Area and Room Notion

    The quantity of uncovered flooring surrounding the rug impacts the room’s perceived dimension and openness. An outsized rug can scale back adverse area, making the room really feel cramped. An appropriately sized rug permits for ample adverse area, enhancing the room’s spaciousness. The steadiness between coated and uncovered flooring contributes to the general visible steadiness and room notion.

The interaction of those aspects underscores the significance of rug dimensions in reaching visible steadiness. From anchoring the mattress to distributing shade and managing adverse area, the rug serves as a pivotal factor in making a harmonious bed room setting. The collection of “what dimension rug goes underneath a queen mattress” requires cautious consideration of those visible dynamics to make sure the room’s aesthetic enchantment.

9. Private Fashion

The collection of rug dimensions for partial placement beneath a queen mattress is intrinsically linked to particular person aesthetic preferences. Private model dictates not solely the colour, sample, and texture of the rug but additionally its dimension relative to the mattress and the encompassing room. The correlation manifests as a direct expression of a person’s design sensibilities, starting from minimalist to maximalist approaches. As an example, a minimalist would possibly favor a smaller rug with refined textures, emphasizing the uncovered flooring and creating a way of spaciousness. Conversely, a maximalist could decide for a bigger rug with daring patterns, protecting a larger portion of the ground and establishing a extra opulent aesthetic. The affect of private model is thus a main determinant in rug dimension choice.

A sensible instance illustrates the importance of private model. Think about two bedrooms of an identical dimensions, every containing a queen mattress. Within the first bed room, the occupant espouses a bohemian model, deciding on a 9×12 rug with vibrant colours and complicated patterns. The rug extends considerably past the mattress, creating a comfy and welcoming environment. Within the second bed room, the occupant prefers a contemporary aesthetic, selecting an 8×10 rug in a impartial tone with a easy geometric design. The rug supplies ample protection with out overwhelming the area, sustaining a clear and uncluttered look. This demonstrates how various stylistic preferences necessitate differing rug dimensions to attain the specified visible impact. The impact of private model shouldn’t be underestimated.

In abstract, the collection of “what dimension rug goes underneath a queen mattress” just isn’t solely a matter of spatial issues; it’s profoundly influenced by private model. This choice dictates the aesthetic end result, starting from minimalist restraint to maximalist indulgence. Whereas sensible elements reminiscent of room dimension and furnishings association impose sure constraints, private model serves because the tenet in translating these constraints right into a cohesive and visually interesting design. Challenges could come up in reconciling private style with spatial limitations; nonetheless, an intensive understanding of each components permits a balanced and harmonious decision. The popularity of private model as a core part facilitates knowledgeable decision-making and ensures a rug choice that displays particular person aesthetic values.

Ceaselessly Requested Questions

This part addresses widespread inquiries concerning the collection of acceptable rug dimensions for placement partially beneath a queen-sized mattress, providing readability on key issues and dispelling prevalent misconceptions.

Query 1: What are the usual rug dimensions really helpful for a queen mattress?

Generally really helpful sizes embody 8×10 ft and 9×12 ft. The particular dimension depends on the room’s dimensions and desired aesthetic impact. Smaller rooms could profit from 8×10 choices, whereas bigger rooms could require 9×12 for visible steadiness.

Query 2: How does the room’s dimension influence rug choice?

Room dimension dictates the viable vary of rug dimensions. An outsized rug in a small room creates a cramped setting, whereas an undersized rug in a big room fails to anchor the mattress successfully. Correct measurement of the room is crucial.

Query 3: Ought to the rug lengthen past the edges of the mattress, and in that case, by how a lot?

Ideally, the rug ought to lengthen past the edges of the mattress, offering a snug floor for stepping out. A facet overhang of 18 to 24 inches is mostly really helpful, however it could differ relying on private choice and room dimensions.

Query 4: Does furnishings placement affect rug dimension?

The location of nightstands, dressers, and benches considerably influences the collection of “what dimension rug goes underneath a queen mattress”. The rug ought to ideally lengthen beneath the entrance legs of those items to create a cohesive look.

Query 5: What is supposed by “two-thirds protection” within the context of rug placement?

“Two-thirds protection” refers to positioning the rug in order that it extends from the pinnacle of the mattress down roughly two-thirds of its size. This method balances aesthetic enchantment with practical issues.

Query 6: Is inserting a rug solely on the foot of the mattress a viable various?

Sure, inserting a rug on the foot of the mattress is a viable various, notably in smaller rooms or when emphasizing a particular design factor. The rug’s dimension must be proportional to the mattress and the room’s total dimensions.

Key takeaways emphasize the interaction between rug dimensions, room dimension, furnishings association, and private aesthetic preferences. Cautious consideration of those elements ensures a harmonious and visually balanced bed room design.

The following part explores particular design kinds and their correlation to rug choice, offering additional steering in reaching a cohesive and aesthetically pleasing bed room setting.

Choosing the Appropriate Rug Dimension for Underneath a Queen Mattress

Figuring out the suitable rug dimension for a queen mattress requires cautious consideration. The choice ought to steadiness aesthetic preferences with practical wants. Improper rug dimensions can disrupt the room’s visible concord.

Tip 1: Measure the Room: Exact room dimensions are important. A rug ought to complement, not overwhelm, the area. Account for architectural options and furnishings placement.

Tip 2: Prioritize Overhang: An ample facet overhang, typically 18-24 inches, supplies underfoot consolation when exiting the mattress. Inadequate overhang diminishes this practical profit.

Tip 3: Think about Furnishings Placement: The rug ought to accommodate the entrance legs of surrounding furnishings, reminiscent of nightstands or benches. This creates a cohesive visible grouping.

Tip 4: Account for Foot-of-Mattress Area: If a bench or seating space is current on the foot of the mattress, the rug ought to lengthen sufficiently to embody this area, offering visible continuity.

Tip 5: Consider Visible Stability: Assess the room’s visible steadiness. A bigger rug can anchor the mattress and create a way of stability, notably in spacious rooms.

Tip 6: Think about Two-Thirds Protection: A standard method entails inserting the rug in order that it extends roughly two-thirds of the mattress’s size. This typically yields a balanced and aesthetically pleasing outcome.

Tip 7: Account for Private Fashion: Whereas dimension guidelines are essential, deciding on the rug ought to mirror one’s private model. The colours and patterns are key to 1’s expression of themselves in bed room design.

Tip 8: Keep away from Overwhelming Small Areas: In smaller rooms, prioritize adverse area. A smaller rug or another placement technique, reminiscent of positioning it solely on the foot of the mattress, could also be extra acceptable.

Correct rug dimensions improve each aesthetics and performance. A well-chosen rug creates a harmonious and welcoming bed room setting. The important thing takeaways emphasize correct measurement, proportional overhang, and furnishings integration.

The subsequent step entails exploring various rug placement methods and unconventional dimension selections. These departures from normal practices provide alternatives for inventive expression and design innovation.

Figuring out Appropriate Rug Dimensions for Queen Beds

This exploration clarifies that acceptable flooring protecting dimensions for placement partially underneath a queen mattress necessitate an intensive analysis of room dimension, furnishings association, and desired visible steadiness. Frequent suggestions reminiscent of 8×10 and 9×12 ft function tips, not rigid guidelines. The essential issue resides in reaching proportional concord between the rug, mattress, and surrounding area.

The knowledge introduced supplies a basis for knowledgeable decision-making. The importance of choosing the proper rug dimension extends past mere aesthetics, impacting the room’s perceived spaciousness and practical utility. Continued consideration to those particulars facilitates the creation of well-designed and comfy bed room environments.